Cells (Organelles)

<Part 1>
   
I. Introduction
   
II. Protoplasm
   
     A. Nucleoplasm [Karyoplasm]
   
     B. Cytoplasm
   
          1. Organelles
   
III. Nonmembranous Organelles
   
     A. Microfilaments
   
          1. Cytoskeleton
   
               a. Act as attachment sites
   
               b. Used in cell movement
                    (muscle and others)
   
     B. Microtubules
   
          1. Used for movement, transport,
               support, etc.
   
     C. Microtubule Organizing Centers [MTOCs]
   
          1. Centrioles
   
               a. Direct and organize microtubule
                    synthesis
   
          2. Basal Bodies
   
               a. Direct and organize microtubule
                    synthesis in cilia and flagella
   
               b. Possible involvement in movement
                    and other things
   
     D. Ribosomes & Polyribosomes
   
          1. For protein synthesis
   
IV. Membranous Organelles
   
     A. Endoplasmic Reticulum [ER]
   
          1. Basic Function
   
               a. Transportation network
   
          2. Basic Structure
   
               a. Cisternae [sing. = Cisterna]
   
          3. Types
   
               a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
   
                    i. Ribosomes
   
                    ii. For protein synthesis & transport
   
               b. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
   
                    i. No ribosomes
   
                    ii. For nonprotein synthesis &
                      transport
   
     B. Golgi Body [Golgi Apparatus]
   
          1. Basic Function
   
               a. "Packaging Center"
   
          2. Basic Structure
   
               a. Cisternae
   
               b. Dictyosomes
   
               c. Vesicles
   
     C. Mitochondria [sing. = Mitochondrion]
   
          1. Basic Function
   
               a. "Powerhouse" of the cell
   
               b. Cellular Respiration
   
                    i. ATP
   
          2. Structure: Double Membrane
   
               a. Cristae [sing. = Crista]
   
          3. mtDNA
   
     D. Plastids
   
          1. Basic Function
   
               a. Storage sites
   
          2. Basic Structure
   
               a. Single membrane surrounding
                    something
   
          3. Examples
   
               a. Leucoplasts
   
                    i. Store "colorless" materials
   
                         a) Amyloplasts
   
                         b) Elaioplasts
   
                         c) Proteinoplasts
   
               b. Chromoplasts
   
                    i. Store "colored" materials
                         (pigment storage)
   
               c. Chloroplasts
   
                    i. Store chlorophyll; used in
                         photosynthesis
   
                    ii. Structure: Double Membrane
   
                         a) Thylakoids
   
                         b) Grana [sing. = Granum]
   
                         c) Stroma
   
                    iii. Photosynthesis
   
                         a) Light Reactions (in thylakoids)
   
                         b) Light Independent Reactions
                              (in stroma)
   
                    iv. cpDNA
   
     E. "Microbodies"
   
          1. History: Centrifugation
   
          2. Basic Structure
   
               a. Membrane bound storage centers
   
          3. Examples
   
               a. Lysosomes
   
                    i. Store hydrolases (digestive enzymes)
   
                    ii. Act as digestion sites
   
               b. Peroxisomes
   
                    i. Store peroxidases
   
                    ii. Destroy some cell poisons
   
               c. Glyoxysomes
   
                    i. Involved in plant growth
   
<Part 2>
   
     F. Vacuoles
   
          1. Act as storage sites
   
          2. Basic Structure
   
               a. Membrane surrounding some material
   
          3. Examples
   
               a. Contractile Vacuole
   
                    i. In protists
   
                    ii. For water regulation
   
               b. Food Vacuole
   
                    i. In protists and other cells
   
                    ii. For food storage and as a
                         digestion site
   
               c. Central Vacuole
   
                    i. In plant cells
   
                    ii. Stores cell sap
   
     G. Nucleus [pl. = Nuclei]
   
          1. Basic Function
   
               a. "Control Center"
   
          2. Basic Structure: Double Membrane
   
               a. Nuclear Envelope
   
                    i. Nuclear Pores
   
               b. Nucleoplasm
   
                    i. Nucleoli [sing. = Nucleolus]
   
                    ii. Chromatin (Nucleic Acid
                         and Protein)
   
     H. Vaults
   
          1. Recently discovered, nonmembranous
               organelle.
   
          2. Part of nuclear pore system--a plug?
   
V. The Plasma Membrane
   
     A. Microvilli [sing. = Microvillus]
   
          1. Basic Function
   
               a. Increase absorption
   
          2. Basic Structure
   
               a. Fingerlike folds of membrane
   
     B. Undulipodia [sing. = Undulipodium]
   
          1. Basic Function
   
               a. Movement
   
          2. Basic Structure
   
               a. Microtubules within fingerlike
                    projections of membrane
   
          3. Examples
   
               a. Cilia [sing. = Cilium]
   
               b. Flagella [sing. = Flagellum]
   
VI. The Cell Wall
   
     A. Surrounds Plant Cells
   
          1. Strength and protection
   
     B. Chemical Makeup
   
          1. Cellulose
   
          2. Lignin
   
VII. Summary

Page obtained from link at URL: http://www.ric.edu/faculty/jmontvilo/109.htm Prepared by Jerome A. Montvilo, Ph.D. for the use of his students. Copyright © by Jerome A. Montvilo. All rights reserved. Please send questions, comments, or suggestions to jmontvilo@ric.edu. Last updated 15 January, 2008