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I. Introduction
A. Some Questions
1. How many different kinds (species) of living
things are found on this planet?
2. How do you study them all, and how do
you tell others which ones you have
studied?
II. Taxonomy (and Systematics)
A. Taxonomists
1. They Classify Organisms (Classification)
2. They Identify Organisms (Identification)
3. They Name Organisms (Nomenclature)
III. Classification
A. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) ("Father of Biology")
1. You can divide organisms into different
groups based on certain characteristics, but
you have to make sure you choose the
correct characteristics.
2. How do you define each of those groups?
For example, how many "kingdoms" of
organisms are there, and how do you
define them?
IV. Two Kingdoms
A. Early Classification Scheme:
Two Kingdoms
1. Animal Kingdom
a. Characteristics
i. Move
ii. Eat other things
2. Plant Kingdom
a. Characteristics
i. Do not usually move
ii. Do not usually eat other things
iii. Are usually green
B. But what about…
V. Five Kingdoms
A. Defined by R. H. Whittaker in the 1960s and
modified by others
B. The Classification Scheme:
Five Kingdoms
1. The Kingdom Animalia
a. Characteristics
i. Multicellular
ii. Eukaryotic
iii. Heterotrophic
b. Examples
i. Animals
2. The Kingdom Plantae
a. Characteristics
i. Multicellular
ii. Eukaryotic
iii. Autotrophic
b. Examples
i. Plants
3. The Kingdom Fungi
a. Characteristics
i. Multicellular
ii. Eukaryotic
iii. Saprotrophic
b. Examples
i. Fungi (mushrooms, molds, etc.)
4. The Kingdom Protoctista [Protista]
a. Characteristics
i. Unicellular
ii. Eukaryotic
b. Examples
i. Protozoans
ii. Unicellular algae
5. The Kingdom Prokaryotae [Monera]
a. Characteristics
i. Unicellular
ii. Prokaryotic
b. Examples
i. Bacteria
ii. Cyanobacteria
iii. Archaebacteria (*)
VI. Six Kingdoms in Three Domains
A. Defined by Carl Woese (and others) in 1990
(and since)
B. The Classification Scheme:
Three Domains/Six (or more) Kingdoms
1. Domain Eukarya
a. Characteristics
i. Eukaryotic cells
ii. Certain types of membrane lipids
b. Examples
i. Kingdom Animalia
ii. Kingdom Plantae
iii. Kingdom Fungi
iv. Kingdom(s of) Protista
2. Domain Bacteria
a. Characteristics
i. Prokaryotic cells
ii. Certain types of membrane lipids
b. Examples
i. Kingdom Eubacteria
3. Domain Archaea
a. Characteristics
i. Prokaryotic cells
ii. Certain types of membrane lipids
b. Examples
i. Kingdom(s of) Archaebacteria
a) Unicellular
b) Prokaryotic
c) Chemoautotrophic (mostly)
VII. Extremophiles
A. Methanogens
B. Thermophiles
C. Halophiles
D. Life in Space?
VIII. Other "Organisms"
A. What About Viruses?
1. Structure
a. Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
b. Protein coat
2. Comments
a. Obligate intracellular parasites
b. Infect members of other kingdoms
c. Have their own classification scheme
B. What About Viroids? (1971; Theodore Diener)
1. Structure
a. Nucleic acid (RNA) only
2. Comments
a. Infect plants
C. What About Prions? (Tikva Alper; Stanley
Prusiner)
1. Structure
a. Protein only
2. Comments
a. Cause neurological disorders
i. Scrapie
ii. Mad Cow Disease [Bovine
Spongiform Encephalitis; BSE]
iii. Kuru
iv. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
v. Alzheimer's Disease (?)
IX. The Taxonomic Scheme
A. The Basic Idea
1. Define groups (taxa) according to common
characteristics
2. Place organisms into the taxa based on
structural, chemical, evolutionary
characteristics
B. General Taxa [sing. = Taxon]
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum [Division]
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
C. Additional Taxa
1. Super Taxon
a. Examples
i. Superclass
ii. Superfamily
2. Sub Taxon
a. Examples
i. Subclass
ii. Subspecies
D. Application to Humans (Simplified)
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens
X. Summary
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