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I. Introduction
A. Despite all the objections, the biological
evidence indicates that evolution does occur
and it occurs through natural selection.
II. Evidence From Paleontology
A. Paleontology
B. Extinct versus Extant
C. Fossils
D. "Missing Links" and Transitional Forms
1. Horses
2. Protoavis, Archaeopteryx, and others
3. Lungfish
E. "Living Fossils" [Relict Organisms]
1. Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)
2. Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis)
3. Coelacanths (Latimeria)
F. Geological Dating
III. Evidence From Comparative Anatomy
A. Comparative Anatomy
B. Analogies versus Homologies
1. Analogous Structures
a. Perform the same function but are
derived from different structures
(e.g., the wings of birds and the
wings of insects)
2. Homologous Structures
a. Perform different functions but are
derived from the same basic
structures (e.g., wings and arms)
3. The more homologous structures there
are the more closely related organisms
are evolutionarily.
IV. Evidence From Embryology
A. Embryology
B. "Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny"
V. Evidence From Biogeography
A. Biogeography
B. Continental Drift [Plate Tectonics]
VI. Evidence From Experiments
A. "Experiments"
1. Peppered Moth (Biston betularia)
2. DDT
3. Antibiotics
B. Darwin's Prediction
1. Niche
2. Coevolution
VII. Evidence From Hybridization
A. Animals
B. Plants
VIII. Evidence From Vestigial Organs
A. Legs
B. Human Vestigial Structures
IX. Evidence From Molecular Biology
A. Genetic Code
B. Proteins
C. Chromosomes
X. Summary
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