There is a Download/Printable Version of the syllabus.


Instructor

Dr. George L. Pamental (Laurie)

Department of Management
Office: Alger 225
Hours:
Phone: 456-8760 (o) 295-5885 (h)

gpamental@grog.ric.edu




Introduction to Core Three

There are some of us who love to learn about new things, who are fascinated by differences, and relish the opportunity to meet new people, visit new places, sample new foods, and learn new things. We jump at the opportunity to discuss new ideas and debate different values. But that's not why this course exists. This course exists because several of us believe it's good for you. We can't get away from the simple truth -there is value in knowing about another culture. And it doesn't make much difference what culture, because the value comes from the comparisons you will make between whatever culture you are studying and your own. An important value of studying another culture comes from the deeper understanding of yourself which results. This new understanding represents growth, and part of the growth is the recognition that there are others in the area, state, country, hemisphere, world, universe who are different, and have just as much right to their beliefs as we do to ours.

Rogers and Hammerstein, in their musical, South Pacific, deliberately included a controversial song, which started like this:

"You've got to be taught to hate and fear,
You've got to be taught from year to year,
It's got to be drummed in your dear little ear,
You've got to be carefully taught.

You've got to be taught before it's too late,
Before you are six, or seven or eight,
To hate all the people your relatives hate,
You've got to be carefully taught,
You've got to be carefully taught."

It was controversial because many people did not want to admit that prejudice exists, a lot of people did not want to admit their own fears. But to their credit, Rogers and Hammerstein kept the song in, primarily because it was appropriate to the story - a young Navy lieutenant from an upper-class home in Philadelphia had fallen in love with an island native. The young officer recognized a sad truth, that many of us grow up thinking that "our" way is the "right" way, and any deviation is to be suspected. So, one practical value of knowing about another culture is to avoid offending a person you may wish to meet.

Another practical value of knowing about a different culture is the possibility of being offered a job in a firm from another country. Or, closer to home, there are courses offered here which involve e-mailing with students from other countries to exchange information, or even do joint projects. You surely don't want to offend the person who is your source of information. Further down the road, you don't want to feel stupid or embarrassed when your own child asks you a question about a new classmate of theirs.

Another reason is the very fact of your becoming a college graduate. In that capacity you sometimes will find your opinion valued by those who did not go to college. How can you respond intelligently to questions on important issues in the news, such as immigration policies, trade disputes with other countries, a local plant closing due to international competition, or for whom to vote. These issues are in today's papers, they are already among us and need to be addressed. How should you respond?

When you report for a job interview and discover that the company's representative is from a particular ethnic background, how do you respond? When a new family moves next door, how do you respond? When your son or daughter brings home a new friend, how do you respond? When you are assigned to work with another employee, how do you respond? How do you impress your boss when he or she is from a different ethnic background? How do you treat your employees or the people who report to you when they are from different backgrounds? These are some of the reasons why it is important and valuable to know of other cultures.



Why Only One Culture?

You now may be wondering about how all of these questions can be answered by a single course studying a single culture. Good question! They can't. There are thousands of different cultures and languages out there. But extensive study of a single one of them can have a unique and extremely valuable advantage.

"Sophrosyne" "Know thyself." This was the sign over the entryway to the oracle at Delphi, a place where deities could be consulted to find out about the future. The Greeks realized that to prepare for the future required an understanding of oneself, it didn't make sense to know the future if one did not know him- or herself. And that's the first advantage of studying a single culture, the comparisons you will be making and the resultant increased understanding of your own values and beliefs. We cannot be sure of others until we are sure of ourselves.

It is true that this could be accomplished by studying several different cultures, but the study of one, in depth, provides us with the exhaustive analysis of our own fundamental beliefs so necessary to reaching an understanding about others. The exercise of exhaustive self-analysis through comparison can bring home to us in a powerful way that there are legitimate and understandable reasons why some others have very different fundamental values. It is important to realize that we are not duscussing superficial differences such as clothing or food, but basic behaviors like who we pray to and what we pray for, or if we pray at all. Things like touching another person, when, and where. Things like looking another person in the eye, or not. Things like raising children, lying, keeping promises, and having sex.

And coming to this understanding through a systematic and detailed analysis prepares us for doing it again, on our own, when the occasion call for it. In other words, the exhaustive analysis not only deepens our understanding of ourselves and leads us to truly knowing another culture, but it prepares us for knowing yet others as well.

Part of this preparation stems from the method of analysis called for by the General Education program. This course, and all the courses in the program, call for:



These are valuable skills and abilities which transcend any particular course. They will help you in your other coursework and they will help you outside school.



About Japan

Japan has changed more in the past 125 years than any other country in the world. It has gone from a society which was virtually closed to the outside world for over 250 years with no heavy industry save cannon making, to a highly industrialized society with the most dynamic economy in the world. It has become one of the most modernized societies in the world, yet it retains as essential parts of its culture beliefs and behaviors which have remained virtually unchanged for centuries.

Japan's high school graduates have had an education equivalent to that of U.S. college graduates, including six years of English. The per capita income of Japan has surpassed that of the U.S. The Japanese have become world leaders in several high-technology industries. At the same time as these significant accomplishments, Japanese women are virtually excluded from the managerial ranks of the job market, the average home in the Tokyo area is approximately 600 square feet, and the cost of imported U.S. steak is over $50/pound.

Today, educated Japanese still pay homage to earth gods when planting a garden or building a home. In a country where a significant role in the lives of most of the population is played by flowers, gardens, and nature, there exist severe environmental problems stemming from pollution. In a country which is a world leader in the manufacture of sophisticated communications equipment, the national language is comprised of two syllabaries plus several thousand Chinese characters. Finally, in a country which has a population density greater than any other country in the world, the serious crime rate is one of the lowest, young children go alone on the streets on their way to and from school, and young women can walk the same streets late at night without either a companion or fear.

Japan has become our strongest economic competitor as well as our richest ally. It is very much like the U.S. with its advanced technologies and up-to-date products, its fads and fashions, its love of sports, and the pace of its city life. Yet it is as unfamiliar to us as some out-of-the-way undeveloped country with which we have little contact. Its customs, language, behavior, values, and goals are a puzzlement to many Westerners. This should not be. Modern Japan is real, it is here to stay, and it is becoming increasingly more important to the economic well-being of not only the United States but the world as well.

If we are to coexist as friendly allies and competitors, we must be able to communicate effectively. And if we are to communicate effectively, we must understand one another. This course should help you come to a better understanding of this country of such intriguing contrasts, ancient traditions, and modern ways.



About the Course

To understand the Japan of today, we will begin, as they say, at the beginning. We will go back to the early period of Japan's history to discover the beginnings of those cultural institutions and characteristics which are still operative today, influencing behavior. We will read from Japan's equivalent of the Bible and their "begats." We'll look at the major periods of Japanese history to identify those factors which help to define today's Japan and which affect Japanese society, both individually and collectively. Included in this survey will be the folk heritage and traditions, and the arts, which are so important to the Japanese.

Once we have identified Japan's major historical roots, we'll look at those major aspects of a culture which serve to preserve as well as define its uniqueness--language, religion, and education--their evolution and their current composition and influence.

Next, we will examine a key cultural characteristic which serves to distinguish Japan from many other countries: the relationship of the individual to the group. This characteristic plays an important role in the everyday life of Japan's citizens, and serves in a major way to define their culture's uniqueness.

We will look at the relationship between government and business which is so important in Japan and, finally, we will examine the daily lives of men and women.



Objectives

To understand Japanese culture and society, expecially as they impact on individual roles and behavior, and the historical antecedents leading to the Japan of today.
To gain experience and confidence in listening, speaking, reading, and thinking critically.
To gain experience in writing clearly and persuasively.

To know yourself better, clarify your own values and beliefs, and to learn to accept those who are different.



Required Texts

There is a Download/Printable Version of the syllabus.


Bruce S. Feiler. Learning to Bow: Inside the Heart of Japan. New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1991.

George L. Pamental. Daijoobu: Learning from the Japanese. Unpublished manuscript, 1996.

Edwin O. Reischauer and Marius B. Jansen. The Japanese Today: Change and Continuity. Enlarged Edition. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1995.

Jan Vanolia. Write Right! Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 1995.

Ezra F. Vogel. Japan as Number 1: Lessons for America. New York: Harper & Row, 1985.



Method/Requirements

Writing and discussion will be the major components of the course, as follows:

Class Participation

There will be a variety of activities taking place in class, from criticising the writing of your groupmates to preparing a group analysis. Your active involvement (not just merely showing up) is required. More important, though, will be the quality of that involvement. Hence you will be evaluated on the logic of your arguments, your supporting rationale, how well you understood the weekly reading/viewing, your ability to be critical of another's work but express the criticism in a way that does not offend, and your ability to take criticism constructively and not be offended.

Weekly Analysis

There will be assigned readings for each class, and each student will write a one page critical analysis built upon the theme of comfort and familiarity. Specifically, each of you will respond to the questions "Why would I feel uncomfortable with a certain cultural characteristic, or practice, or behaving in a manner described in the readings?" and "Why are the Japanese comfortable with those characteristics or behaviors?" Naturally, the ability to answer these questions should improve as the course progresses, and this progress will form an important component of my evaluation of your answer.

In class, in small groups, you will exchange your analyses and write a group analysis which will be read to the class as the basis for discussion for discussion in class. All papers will be collected, but not graded. They will, however, cause a reduction in the Weekly Analysis grade if not completed.

Short Paper

One formal paper will be required. It will be based upon one of three historical periods: the pre-historical through classical period, the Tokugawa period, or the Meiji Restoration. Your focus should be a critical analysis of the changes which took place during the period and their contribution to Japanese socio cultural development.

Note that these are research papers, not merely a re-statement of the readings. You are expected to use outside sources (at least four, but no encyclopedias or Time-Life type series) to support your views. Naturally, since this will be the first time most of you will have investigated the topic, most of what you write will require an indication of the source, i.e. footnotes or endnotes. Don't be surprised if every paragraph has at least one reference, and often more. A bibliography is also required.

The requirements are a brief statement of intent (what you plan to analyze) and an outlline (how you propose organizing it), a first draft, and a final draft. In addition, you will write formal critiques of the work of two classmates (and they of you). The papers will be done in stages as follows. First, you prepare your statement of intent and outline of organization and bring three copies to class, one for each of your groupmates, and one for me. In groups of three you will exchange material so that two of your classmates will read your material and you will read theirs. As a group you will then discuss all three proposals/outlines.

Outside class you will fill out a formal critique form (provided by me) and bring to class, with the proposal/outlines, for discussion. Again, bring three copies of your critiques, one for each of your groupmates, and one for me. You will also receive feedback from me.

After receiving formal criticism on the proposal and outline, given and discussed in class, you will take this information home and prepare a first draft. Again, bring three copies to class to exchange. You'll take your groupmates' drafts home, read, and prepare a formal critique. These will be brought to class for group discussion, along with the critique forms. You want to be able to see how the criticism affected the writing.

Finally, you will take the last round of critiques home and write your final draft. Thus, each student will have the benefit of two formal criticisms of their work, class discussion, plus feedback from me, to be used in preparation of the final draft.

You will submit the first draft along with the final draft to me.

The papers will be evaluated based upon your understanding of the situations chosen for analysis, the logic of your argument, how well you support that argument with rationale, and the quality of your writing- clarity, simplicity, and mechanics (spelling, punctuation, and grammar).

Term Paper

This will be a term-long investigation in which you will analyze and synthesize the course material to develop a cogent, thoughtfully reasoned, and persuasive argument to answer any four of the following questions: The procedure will be the same as for the shorter paper, except there will be no formal feedback from me during the process. However, if you wish, you may bring material, and your questions, to me at any time for discussion.

The papers will be evaluated based upon your understanding of the material, the organization and logic of your argument, how well you support that argument with rationale, and the quality of your writing--clarity, simplicity, and mechanics (spelling, punctuation, and grammar).



General Requirements & Grading



Weekly Course Schedule

1 Introduction / mythology / early history - from matriarchy
to patriarchy

2 Classical / Tokugawa / Meiji historical eras - the first
authors, Confucian subjugation, birth of feminism

3 Religion / Language / Education / the Law -- how
they view, and influence, women

4 Early childhood- differences in treatment between Short paper intent/outline
boys and girls - at home, at play, at school

5 Teen years - differences continue, preparation for Discuss formal critiques
college

6 College - two year vs. four year colleges, job Exchange first drafts
opportunities on graduation

7 Marriage - love or arranged, first son or not, the Discuss formal critiques
mother-in-law problem

8 Blue collar workers / farm wives - primogeniture yes, Turn in critiques, first &
but not for women, the adopted husband final drafts

9 Office ladies / managers / entrepreneurs - the glass Term paper intent/outline
ceiling, inheriting the presidency

10 Young marrieds - running the house, holding the Discuss formal critiques
purse strings

11 Middle-aged wives - children gone, courses and Exchange first drafts
part-time work

12 The elderly - where to live, what to do Discuss formal critiques

13 Rebels - forces for change

14 Summary Turn in critiques, first & final drafts


Related Readings & Internet Addresses

Allen, G.C. The Japanese Economy
Allison, Ann. Night Work: Sex, Pleasure . . . Tokyo Hostess Club
Arnott, Peter The Theatres of Japan
Austin, Lewis. Saints and Samurai: The Political Culture . . .
________. Japan: The Paradox of Progress


Azuma, Hiroshi, et al. Child Development and Education in Japan
Beasley, W.G. The Modern History of Japan
Benedict, Ruth. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
Bowers, Faubion. Japanese Theater
Brandon, James Kabuki: 5 Classic Plays

Mary Brinton. Women and the economic Miracle
Buckley, Roger Japan Today
Burstein, D. Yen! Japan's New Financial Empire and Its Threat to America
Chambers, G. and Cummings, W. Profiting from Education: . . .
Christopher, R.C. The Japanese Patterns of Behavior
________. The Japanese Mind


Clark, Rodney The Japanese Company
Cohen, Stephen D. Uneasy Partnership: Competition/Conflict in U.S...
Cole, Robert. Japanese Blue Collar
________. Work, Mobility, & Participation
Coomaraswamys, Ananada Hinduism and Buddhism

Coox, Alvin China and Japan: Search for Balance . . .
________. The Japanese Image: An Anthology
2 vols
Cusumano, Michael A. The Japanese Automobile Industry: . . .
Davidson, Cathy. 36 Views of Mt. Fuji
de Bary, W.T. East Asian Civilizations: A Dialogue in 5 Stages
________. A Guide to Oriental Classics


DeMente, Boye. Japanese Etiquette & Ethics in Business
DeVoe, G.A. Socialization for Achievement
Doi, Takeo. The Anatomy of Self: The Individual Versus Society
________. The Anatomy of Dependence

Dore, Ronald. Taking Japan Seriously: A Confucian Perspective on Leading Economic Issues
________. British Factory - Japanese Factory

Dower, John. Japan in War and Peace: Selected Essays
Karlfried Dürckheim. The Japanese Cult of tranquility
Enright, D.J. The World of Dew: Aspects of Living Japan
Fallows, James. More Like Us
Fields, George. Gucci on the Ginza

Frost, Ellen. For Richer, For Poorer
Fruin, Mark. Kikkoman: Company, Clan, and Community
Fukazawa Autobiography
Fukutake, Tadashi Japanese Society Today
________. The Japanese Social Structure...
Gibney, Frank. Japan: The Fragile Superpower, 2nd ed.
________., Miracle by Design: The Real Reasons . . .

Gordon, Andrew. The Evolution of Labor Relations in Japan: . . .

Gunji, Masakatsu. Kabuki
Halberstam, David. The Reckoning
Halford, Aubrey and Giovanna The Kabuki Handbook . . .
Hall, E.T. Hidden Differences: Doing Business With the Japanese

Hall, J.W. and R. Beardsley. Twelve Doors to Japan
________. History of Japan
________. Japan: From Prehistory to Modern Times

Halloran, Richard. Japan: Images and Realities
Hanami, Tadashi. Books on Labor Relations

Herrigel, Eugen Zen and the Art of Archery
Hearn, Lafcadio. Japan: An Attempt at Interpretation
Hiroshi, Minami. Psychology of the Japanese People
Holland, Harrison M. Managing Diplomacy: The US and Japan
Hrebenar, Ronald J. The Japanese Party System: From One-party...

Hsu, Francis L.K. Iemoto: The Heart of Japan
Ibuse, Masuji Black Rain
Ichiyo, Higuchi - poems and short stories
Iga, Mamoru. The Thorn in the Chrysanthemum: Suicide and Success . . .
Ike, Nobutaka. A Theory of Japanese Democracy

Inoguchi, R., T. Nakajima and R. Pinneau The Divine Wind
Inoue, Yasushi. Chronicle of My Mother
Japan Echo
- periodical
Japan Times - periodical
Japan Quarterly - periodical

Johnson, Chalmers. MITI and the Economic Miracle
_________. An Instance of Treason
Journal of Asian Studies - periodical
Kahn, Herman and T. Pepper The Japanese Challenge
Kamata, Satoshi. Japan in the Passing Lane

Kawasaki, Ichiro. Japan Unmasked
Keene, Donald The Pleasures of Japanese Literature
________. Bunraku: The Art of the Japanese Puppet Theater
________. Four Major Plays of Chikamatsu
________. No: The Classical Theatre of Japan


Kenny, Donald. A Guide To Kyogen
Kitamura, Hiroshi. Psychological Dimensions of U.S.-Japanese Relations
Kosaka, Masatake. 100 Million Japanese
Kuck The World of the Japanese Garden
Lebra, Takie S. Japanese Patterns of Behavior
________. Japanese Culture and Behavior

Lockwood The Economy of Japan
Lombard, Frank An Outline History of Japanese Drama

March, Robert M. The Japanese Negotiator
Masaaki, Imai Kaizen: The Key to Japan's Competitive Success
McCraw, Thomas America Versus Japan...
Mitchell, Douglas. Amaeru: The Expression of Reciprocal Dependency . .
Mitsukune, Yoshida et al. The Compact Culture: The Ethos of Jap. Life

Morishima, Michio Why Has Japan 'Succeeded'? Western Technology and the Japanese Ethos
Morita, Akio. Made in Japan
Morris, Ivan. The Nobility of Failure
________. The World of the Shining Prince

Nakane, Chie. Japanese Society

Nishida, Kasuo. Storied Cities of Japan
Nitobe, Inazo. Bushido: The Soul of Japan
Norbeck, Edward. Changing Japan 2nd ed
Odaka, Kunio. Japanese Management: A Forward-looking Analysis
Ogura, Kazuo. Trade Conflict: A View from Japan

Okakura, Kakuzo. The Book of Tea
Okimoto, Daniel. Japan's Economy: Coping with Change . . .
________. Between MITI and the Market
________ and Thomas Rohlen. Inside the Japanese System
Pascale and Athos The Art of Japanese Management

Passin, Herbert Society and Education in Japan
Patrick, Hugh and H Rosovsky Asia's New Giant: How the Japanese Economy
________
and Yung Chul Park. The Financial Development of Japan, Korea and Taiwan
Pepper, Thomas and Merit Janow. The Competition: Dealing With Japan
Philip, Leila. The Road Through Miyama

Pophorn, Peter. Tokyo: The City at the End of the World
Prestowitz, C. Trading Places: How We Allowed Japan to Take the Lead
Pronko, Leonard A Guide to Japanese Drama
Reed, Steven Japanese Prefectures and Policy Making
Reischauer, E.O. The Japanese Today
________. The United States and Japan, 3rd ed.

Reynolds, David K. Morita Psychotherapy
________. Naikan Psychotherapy: Meditation for Self-Development
Richardson, Bradley M and SC Flanagan Politics in Japan
Rimer, J.Thomas A Reader's Guide to Japanese Literature
Glenda Roberts. Staying on the Line: Blue Collar Women...
Rohlen, Thomas. For Harmony and Strength
________. Japan's High Schools

Romberg, Alan D. The US and Japan: Changing Societies . . .
Sansom, George Japan: A Short Cultural History
________. History of Japan, 3 vols.
Sato, Hiraoki and Watson From the Country of Eight Islands: Anthology .
Sato, Ryuzo and Julianne Nelson Beyond Trade Friction

Schoppa, Leonard. Education Reform in Japan
Shirai, Taishiro. Contemporary Industrial Relations in Japan
Shuji, Hayashi (trans by Baldwin) Culture and Management in Japan
Silberman, Bernard Masters of Modernization:. . .
Smith, Bradley Japan: A History in Art

Smith, Robert Japanese Society: Tradition, Self, and the Social Order
Smith, Robert J. and R.K. Beardsley, eds. Japanese Culture: Its Dev. .
Soseki - fiction
Oliver Statler. Japanese Inn
________. Shimoda Story

Harold P. Stern. Birds, Beasts, Blossoms and Bugs: The Nature of Japan
Stockman, J.A.A. Japan: Divided Politics in a Growth Economy
Takaya, Ted. Modern Japanese Drama: An Anthology
Tanizaki - fiction
Togi, Masataro Gagaku: Court Music and Dance

Toson - fiction
Varley, Paul Japanese Culture
Vogel, Ezra. Japan as Number One: Lessons for America
________. Comeback: Building the Resurgence of American Business
________. Modern Japanese Organization and Decision Making

Waley, Arthur, tr. The No Plays of Japan
Warner, Dennis; Peggy Warner; and Sadao Seno. The Sacred Warriors
White, Merry The Japanese Educational Challenge
________. The Material Child
Whiting, Robert. You Gotta Have Wa

Yoshihara, Kunio . Sogo Shosha: The Vanguard of the . . .
________. Japanese Economic Development: A Short Introduction
Yoshino, M.Y. Japan's Multinational Enterprises
Yoshimoto, Banana. Kitchen